The second picture shows the governor vane at minimum clearance from the flywheel: it should only be there if the speed control is set on maximum. If it wasn't set on maximum, your governor is stuck or mangled in some way.
When you move the speed control lever toward maximum it stretches the governor spring, and the spring pulls the throttle wide open if the engine is not running. When the throttle is wide open, the vane is close to the flywheel. If the engine is running, the vane is pushed out from the flywheel by air pressure from the flywheel fan, and it pushes the throttle toward closed. With the speed control lever in the slow or stop position, the governor spring is relaxed and the throttle should not be wide open, so the vane should be further from the flywheel.
I can't see a rod in the last pic. The decompressor is operated by a link from the vertical pull starter, which opens a simple valve connected to the cylinder.
